"Gastronomic voyeurism- the South Korean trend that means never eating alone."
James Vincent, 2014
I N T R O D U C T I O N
A lot of people are guilty of taking photos of their meals and posting it on the internet. Some even follow hashtags like #foodporn or binge watch cooking shows starring chef Gordon Ramsay and the like. What about live streaming while eating huge quantities of food complete with microphones allowing people to hear the sounds made while eating? That is what professional “live-eaters” do in South Korea- broadcasting their huge meals to thousands of people.
For a society heavily married to technology and vanity, it is not a surprise that “Broadcast Junkies” or “BJs” who stream themselves all day doing Mukbang is becoming a trend. Originating in South Korea, Mukbang, which is a pormanteau word that combines the Korean word for “eat” (muok-da) with the word for “broadcast” (bang song)” (Hong, 2016), has now flattered into the latest bizarre fad reaping a quarter of a million viewers in each livestream. The fans of these so-called BJs watch them eat, ask questions, chat to them and send them donations in the form of internet currency or "star balloons"- allowing the BJs to make it a full-time job. But what is the appeal of watching someone eat online?
For a society heavily married to technology and vanity, it is not a surprise that “Broadcast Junkies” or “BJs” who stream themselves all day doing Mukbang is becoming a trend. Originating in South Korea, Mukbang, which is a pormanteau word that combines the Korean word for “eat” (muok-da) with the word for “broadcast” (bang song)” (Hong, 2016), has now flattered into the latest bizarre fad reaping a quarter of a million viewers in each livestream. The fans of these so-called BJs watch them eat, ask questions, chat to them and send them donations in the form of internet currency or "star balloons"- allowing the BJs to make it a full-time job. But what is the appeal of watching someone eat online?
Almost all of the top Mukbang artists broadcast via AfreecaTV, the largest Multi-Channel Network in South Korea. BJs are given the freedom to air whatever content they want which makes the network a virtual space for people to communicate candidly. According to their website, they began operating in 2006 and gained popularity because of their BJ stars displaying their own style of eating and broadcasting. The fact that they earn a staggering amount of money by streaming food on the Internet stunned the general media. The proponents classified these BJs into five categories- the challenger, the relaxed eater, the weirdo, the chef and the prince or princess. It is noticeable however that the Mukbang group is dominated by women of all shapes and sizes. Of the top eight BJs, only three are men. (Samson, 2016)
This blog examines the preference of the viewers in terms of gender and the principal reason for such disparity in choosing who to watch. The proponents of the study will also look at the underlying reason as to why such phenomenon started and trended in South Korea. Defining Mukbang as a latest and distinctive craze, the blog will also explore the various opinions and insights of the Koreans in Enderun Colleges and get a local's eye on the matter.
This blog examines the preference of the viewers in terms of gender and the principal reason for such disparity in choosing who to watch. The proponents of the study will also look at the underlying reason as to why such phenomenon started and trended in South Korea. Defining Mukbang as a latest and distinctive craze, the blog will also explore the various opinions and insights of the Koreans in Enderun Colleges and get a local's eye on the matter.
M E T H O D O L O G Y
In order to further comprehend and analyze the trend and existence of Mukbang, the proponents of the study gathered data through an explorative research of the actual site where it is mainly broadcasted, AfreecaTV. The proponents made an account and observed live and replayed Mukbangs done by twenty (20) BJs who are constantly streaming. The connections and distinctions among them were further identified, and the BJs were categorized based on these similarities. The gap between the number of male BJs versus female BJs were also ascertained.
Moreover, in order to get the perspective of the viewers, the proponents conducted an interview with 8 Korean students from Enderun Colleges. They were asked about their stance and thoughts on the entire Mukbang trend and community. To establish a stand in the psychological level, the researchers also talked to a psychologist regarding the existence of such phenomenon and his views on the gender perception of the audience.
The data collected were compared and contrasted to existing data through a qualitative research on journal articles and news articles related to the rising trend of Mukbang and its implications.
Moreover, in order to get the perspective of the viewers, the proponents conducted an interview with 8 Korean students from Enderun Colleges. They were asked about their stance and thoughts on the entire Mukbang trend and community. To establish a stand in the psychological level, the researchers also talked to a psychologist regarding the existence of such phenomenon and his views on the gender perception of the audience.
The data collected were compared and contrasted to existing data through a qualitative research on journal articles and news articles related to the rising trend of Mukbang and its implications.
THE BROADCAST JUNKIES (BJs)
The proponents of the study made an account in AfreecaTV under the name "andrealig" and in a span of a month, was able to observe twenty (20) BJs, eight (8) of which are male and twelve (12) of which are female. The proponents chose BJs who are still active with their accounts, and observed first hand the distinctions from each other.
The most common type can be dubbed as the “challenger” or "big food fighter" (Hong 2016). BJs of this kind usually have a bigger appetite. They often give their audience a thrill with food challenges like finishing ten bowls of packed ramen in 3 minutes or eating a hundred pieces of sushi in one sitting. Some of them also travel to restaurants that offer challenges involving multiple servings of food and broadcast it live. They compete with their BJ friends to see who can eat more at the fastest time.
The second type is the “relaxed eater” or "relaxed eater" (Hong 2016), who only focus on the food. They do not present any extreme challenges but still do eat large servings of food cleanly and with great enthusiasm. They give details about what they are eating and communicate it to their viewers. Some also try new delicacies from a particular brand and give detailed information about it's taste and ingredients.
The third type is the “weirdo” (Hong 2016) or the "unusual one", who shows extreme behaviour and usually acts outrageous to attract more people for comedic purposes. Weirdo here does not directly entail the connotation of something bad or mean but rather unusual to the norms, which others people prefer. They show extreme characteristics like eating super fast or relatively slow accompanied by very loud slurping and drooling. The proponents observed a BJ using prop toys as a means of added entertainment.
The most common type can be dubbed as the “challenger” or "big food fighter" (Hong 2016). BJs of this kind usually have a bigger appetite. They often give their audience a thrill with food challenges like finishing ten bowls of packed ramen in 3 minutes or eating a hundred pieces of sushi in one sitting. Some of them also travel to restaurants that offer challenges involving multiple servings of food and broadcast it live. They compete with their BJ friends to see who can eat more at the fastest time.
The second type is the “relaxed eater” or "relaxed eater" (Hong 2016), who only focus on the food. They do not present any extreme challenges but still do eat large servings of food cleanly and with great enthusiasm. They give details about what they are eating and communicate it to their viewers. Some also try new delicacies from a particular brand and give detailed information about it's taste and ingredients.
The third type is the “weirdo” (Hong 2016) or the "unusual one", who shows extreme behaviour and usually acts outrageous to attract more people for comedic purposes. Weirdo here does not directly entail the connotation of something bad or mean but rather unusual to the norms, which others people prefer. They show extreme characteristics like eating super fast or relatively slow accompanied by very loud slurping and drooling. The proponents observed a BJ using prop toys as a means of added entertainment.
The fourth type and is the second most common is the “chef”, "cook" (Hong 2016) or a BJ that prepares his own food while streaming live to his audience. Chef BJs take the time in explaining the recipes to the viewers and some even share their experiences cooking in restaurants and hotels. The audience dub them as providing both Mukbang and Cookbang.
The fifth type is the “prince/princess” or "pretty boy/girl" (Hong 2016). BJ prince and princesses focus on their appearance and less on the food. BJ prince and princesses set up the lighting to make their complexion look good and wear clothes that accentuate their body. Although conscious about their look, they still eat large amounts of food with enough grace and poise.
Even though BJs can be categorised through their similarities and differences, some BJs take on two or more styles of streaming Mukbang. BJs constantly change their content to keep up with fellow BJs and inorder to garner more viewers.
Actual screenshot captured by the proponents when BJ MBRO received one star balloon.
What made this trend much more unusual was its money system: BJs earn through a unique profit system called the “star balloon”. Viewers send star balloons to BJs as a sign of admiration. According to allkpop.com, one star balloon is roughly 10 cents, and viewers can send them to the BJs multiple times while watching their live stream. AfreecaTV usually gets 30 percent of the profit, while the BJs get the rest. Because of this system, popular Mukbang BJs can earn as much as thousands of dollars a night and can easily leave their daytime jobs and make Mukbang their career.
I N T E R V I E W S
Raw footage interview among eight (8) Korean respondents in Enderun Colleges.
The proponents decided to interview eight (8) Koreans from Enderun Colleges and ask them about their perceptions on Mukbang. Since Mukbang is a growing trend in South Korea, they wanted to comprehend the views of the people whom experience the rippling effects of such trend first hand.
Out of the eight (8) respondents, five (5) watched Mukbang while the others abhorred by the idea of it because of reasons such as - the slurping sound being made, which most find hurtful to the ears. One respondent also did not see the point of such trend and views it as another way of earning money through the Internet without working hard.
The proponents also discovered that five (5) out of the eight (8) respondents said that they watch Mukbang for the sole purpose of vicarious satisfaction- may it be when they are on a diet and need the joy of watching someone eat huge servings of food or the happiness one has with watching someone eat when he lacks the time to spend in eating and the want to eat with someone amidst through the internet.
Four (4) out of eight (8) respondents said that they do not see Mukbang as a problem but rather a trend that is being passed on. In fact, one respondent said that there is a huge marketing opportunity for the BJs to share the culture of Korea through introduction of Korean Food.
When asked why they think women dominate the Mukbang community than men, majority of them answered stereotypes subjected towards women- that it is uncommon to see women eat a lot considering their consciousness on how they look and that women are easier to relate to if they present something related to food.
Out of the eight (8) respondents, five (5) watched Mukbang while the others abhorred by the idea of it because of reasons such as - the slurping sound being made, which most find hurtful to the ears. One respondent also did not see the point of such trend and views it as another way of earning money through the Internet without working hard.
The proponents also discovered that five (5) out of the eight (8) respondents said that they watch Mukbang for the sole purpose of vicarious satisfaction- may it be when they are on a diet and need the joy of watching someone eat huge servings of food or the happiness one has with watching someone eat when he lacks the time to spend in eating and the want to eat with someone amidst through the internet.
Four (4) out of eight (8) respondents said that they do not see Mukbang as a problem but rather a trend that is being passed on. In fact, one respondent said that there is a huge marketing opportunity for the BJs to share the culture of Korea through introduction of Korean Food.
When asked why they think women dominate the Mukbang community than men, majority of them answered stereotypes subjected towards women- that it is uncommon to see women eat a lot considering their consciousness on how they look and that women are easier to relate to if they present something related to food.
Raw voice recording interview of Dr. Santamaria
Along with interviews, the proponents also sought out the opinion Dr. Francis Santamaria, a psychologist and professor in Enderun Colleges.
“Food is more of a catalyst for socializing unlike for guys its more like catalyst for socializing is drinking but women are more experimental with eating this and that and it gives them in a way a status symbol like for example with what they eat. ”
“Role and responsibility of women as a cook as a provider of food. It's only now where men is beginning to cook. Women are more curious about certain matters like with food they eat. There is a saying that -The best way to win a man is through his stomach and not through his heart.”
According to him, women are more articulate than men which makes the former a better advertiser than the latter.
The majority of answers towards the question "Why are there more women BJs than men?" lean towards the typical stereotypes being thrown to the women. The belief that woman should be gentle and poise is being broken down by the Mukbang trend.
Another factor is that gender is integral to the interaction between men and women. Many watch women BJs because men want to have that intimate interaction with a woman amidst the fact that it is done online.
Along with interviews, the proponents also sought out the opinion Dr. Francis Santamaria, a psychologist and professor in Enderun Colleges.
“Food is more of a catalyst for socializing unlike for guys its more like catalyst for socializing is drinking but women are more experimental with eating this and that and it gives them in a way a status symbol like for example with what they eat. ”
“Role and responsibility of women as a cook as a provider of food. It's only now where men is beginning to cook. Women are more curious about certain matters like with food they eat. There is a saying that -The best way to win a man is through his stomach and not through his heart.”
According to him, women are more articulate than men which makes the former a better advertiser than the latter.
The majority of answers towards the question "Why are there more women BJs than men?" lean towards the typical stereotypes being thrown to the women. The belief that woman should be gentle and poise is being broken down by the Mukbang trend.
Another factor is that gender is integral to the interaction between men and women. Many watch women BJs because men want to have that intimate interaction with a woman amidst the fact that it is done online.
A N A L Y S E S
The analysis is based on the data gathered from interviews and an extensive qualitative research of materials related to the topic at hand. The paper discusses the implications of mukbang on contemporary Korean society and the reasons behind its popularity. The proponents have also analyzed the cultural norms and psychological factors leading to the reason why most Mukbang Broadcasting Jockeys are female.
REASON BEHIND POPULARITY IN SOUTH KOREA
Mukbang is a trend in South Korea wherein people broadcast live feeds of themselves eating large meals. It has become a popular trend in the country nowadays, proven by the fact that top mukbang earners can earn as much as 10,000 USD a month, exclusive of sponsorships (Hong, 2016). It is also affirmed by all interviewees that Mukbang is a rising trend in South Korea, whereas 5 out of the 8 interviewees watches Mukbang themselves.
REASON BEHIND POPULARITY IN SOUTH KOREA
Mukbang is a trend in South Korea wherein people broadcast live feeds of themselves eating large meals. It has become a popular trend in the country nowadays, proven by the fact that top mukbang earners can earn as much as 10,000 USD a month, exclusive of sponsorships (Hong, 2016). It is also affirmed by all interviewees that Mukbang is a rising trend in South Korea, whereas 5 out of the 8 interviewees watches Mukbang themselves.
INTERNET AND MOBILE USE
It is apparent that Korea has integrated media in all aspects of life, including food. Mukbang Broadcast Junkies broadcast their show through the internet whereas millions of its watchers are streaming via the use of their mobile phones. The ubiquity of video streaming is due to the fact that Korea has the world’s fastest internet with an average download throughput of 33.5 megabits per second (Guinness World Records, 2018).
As Korea entered an information-intensive society, the internet became a very powerful media tool that has influenced society – even in food. People started broadcasting their meals, and in a way, brought by the wide internet and mobile use in Korea, data is spread out more extensively and faster – through which more people watch Mukbang, contributing to its popularity.
GROWING NUMBER OF UNCOUPLED KOREANS
Dining has always been inherently social; despite the proliferation of smartphone applications that can deliver food right at one’s doorstep, it is a fact that humans have a natural desire to share a meal with someone (Park & Hong, n.d.). Food definitely plays a role in connecting bonds between people. Citing an interview with Mr. Francis Santa Maria, non-verbatim, “Food serves as a catalyst for socializing...”
From this, the proponents of the study determined that people watch Mukbang so that they can feel as if they are indeed dining with a good company.
AfreecaTV’s media manager, Hahn Yeh Seul, have stated that the growth of Koreans living alone gives a boost in Mukbang’s popularity (Hu, 2015). Most of the interviewees have mentioned that there are a lot of Korean citizens who are single and living alone – thus, may feel lonely. According to 2015 population statistics, there are about 5.2 million single-person households in Korea; this accounts for 27 per cent of all households and is the first household type to surpass the traditional four- or three-person household. It is predicted that this figure will rise continuously, to reach 34 percent in the year 2035 (Herald, 2016).
According to Sung-hee Park of Ewha University’s Division of Media Studies, eating, for Koreans, is an extremely communal activity; the Korean word “family” means “those who eat together.” (Blum, 2014). Many single-person households are in search of a good company or bond when eating; however, they are individualized and thereby satisfies their sentimental hunger through the interactive nature of Mukbang. It connects the broadcast junkies to the viewers whereas the BJ’s satisfaction from the food is transmitted to his / her viewers. Mukbang gives a sense of community through the BJs and viewers interaction, even if it is only online. It is like a psychological effect wherein the people watching BJs eat food with satisfying reactions are offered with vicarious satisfaction, connection, and a sense of belongingness. Most of the interviewees also mentioned that Mukbang brings satisfaction to its audience. Indeed, it creates an atmosphere which shows that the BJ is sharing food with its viewers and keeping them company.
Moreover, Kyung Kim, professor of East Asian studies at University of California suggests that people watching Mukbang are yearning for something besides the bond and connection – they are desiring something that is real (Hu, 2015). Since eating is natural and spontaneous, a huge aspect of Mukbang is the noise the BJs make when eating – slurping, swallowing, chewing, and the noises they make when they like the food’s taste. This make people more interested in their broadcast, and in a way, also makes people hungrier. This is affirmed by one of the interviewees, Mr. Young Jun Kwon, who has personally shared that whenever he watches Mukbang videos, he feels hungry and wants to try the food shown in the screen.
REASON BEHIND WHY MOST MUKBANG BJS ARE FEMALE
Analyzing the data from interview and qualitative research, the proponents ascertain that most Mukbang Broadcast Junkies are female due to several reasons that includes: the huge percentage of uncoupled Korean men, existing stereotypes of women as good advertisers and cook in the family, and curiosity arising from the conventional image that women in small body frames cannot eat bulks of food.
UNCOUPLED KOREAN MEN
The proponents have mentioned that uncoupled men watch Mukbang in order to feel the sense of satisfaction and belonging transmitted to them by the Broadcast Junkies. A huge percentage of the single-person households in Korea are actually inhabited by men, according to figure above which shows the number of single-person households per 100,000 people (Herald, 2015). Thus, these men find good company through the Mukbang BJs they watch online as they eat their meal. This is inline with Interviewee Justin Lee’s answer which states that he believes that most Mukbang BJs are women because men (especially if they are living alone), feels as if they are bonding through someone (a pretty woman), while eating even though it is only done virtually.
STEREOTYPES IN WOMEN
A common answer from the respondents of the interview on why most Mukbang BJs are women is because of the existing stereotypes in women. According to Mr. Francis Santa Maria, another reason why most BJs are women is because they are seen as good advertisers (relating to food), and good cooks or providers of food.
Mukbang also fulfills the physical hunger of a viewer by providing simple recipes or tips for eating alone (Hong, 2016). They advertise certain brands of food or advise several ingredients as tips for cooking. BJs also introduce newly released small-portion foods that can be prepared easily. Women are stereotyped to be more experimental with food and more curious on what comprises it; thus, more viewers trust their verdicts and advices. Mr. Santa Maria continues, verbatim, that “it is only recently wherein men learned how to cook”, and he quotes, ‘The best way to win a man is through his stomach, and not yet through his heart.”
IMAGE THAT WOMEN TEND TO EAT LESS
Related to the stereotypes of women is the conventional image that women in small body frames cannot eat huge bulks of food, which has also been mentioned by one of the interviewees. The proponents ascertain that this is a factor on why most Mukbang BJs are female due to the fact that it makes viewers curious on how a woman can eat big portions of food while still remaining thin. The curiosity that arises aggregates the number of viewers on Mukbang channels, which includes a population of women dieting and people who are simply interested and entertained in seeing a small body framed woman eating double-portion dishes.
A typical Mukbang episode will have the BJs enumerating the array of food items neatly before them on the table, before eating the food at a leisurely pace. Sometimes it is large quantities of a single item, while some have a spread of around seven double-portioned dishes (Martin, 2015). Despite these quantities of food, female BJs are still slimmer than the average Korean woman. Thus, many viewers find this surprising and intriguing as it transgresses the fact that these women are not gaining weight.
SEXUALIZATION OF WOMEN
The proponents also observed the disparity between female and male BJs in terms of sexuality. The answers from the interviewees all point to the reason stating that because women are "prettier to look at" therefor they are the ones who have to reveal sexual parts of themselves and wear clothes that accentuate those said parts. The proponents did not see a male BJ having to expose his body just to attract more attention.
FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY
Ortner (1974) argued that "in the society, women are considered as related to nature and men are considered as related to culture." Implying that because of women's physical aura and feature, women are expected to just be "naturally productive" and perform the duties of that just of a "mother". Hence viewers of Mukbang have all these stereotypes and sexualities with women, expecting to be more closer to nature and men are the ones who will take care of them.
Related to the stereotypes of women is the conventional image that women in small body frames cannot eat huge bulks of food, which has also been mentioned by one of the interviewees. The proponents ascertain that this is a factor on why most Mukbang BJs are female due to the fact that it makes viewers curious on how a woman can eat big portions of food while still remaining thin. The curiosity that arises aggregates the number of viewers on Mukbang channels, which includes a population of women dieting and people who are simply interested and entertained in seeing a small body framed woman eating double-portion dishes.
A typical Mukbang episode will have the BJs enumerating the array of food items neatly before them on the table, before eating the food at a leisurely pace. Sometimes it is large quantities of a single item, while some have a spread of around seven double-portioned dishes (Martin, 2015). Despite these quantities of food, female BJs are still slimmer than the average Korean woman. Thus, many viewers find this surprising and intriguing as it transgresses the fact that these women are not gaining weight.
SEXUALIZATION OF WOMEN
The proponents also observed the disparity between female and male BJs in terms of sexuality. The answers from the interviewees all point to the reason stating that because women are "prettier to look at" therefor they are the ones who have to reveal sexual parts of themselves and wear clothes that accentuate those said parts. The proponents did not see a male BJ having to expose his body just to attract more attention.
FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY
Ortner (1974) argued that "in the society, women are considered as related to nature and men are considered as related to culture." Implying that because of women's physical aura and feature, women are expected to just be "naturally productive" and perform the duties of that just of a "mother". Hence viewers of Mukbang have all these stereotypes and sexualities with women, expecting to be more closer to nature and men are the ones who will take care of them.
C O N C L U S I O N
Mukbang means "eating broadcasts". It is the practice of eating numerous portions of food and broadcasting the deed to a large number of viewers. It started in South Korea during the mid-2000s and is still practiced to date. To therefore conclude, it is apparent that Mukbang is currently a trend in South Korea. In order to assess the female trend in Mukbang BJs and the concepts’ popularity, the proponents interviewed eight (8) Korean students from Enderun Colleges, a psychologist, and underwent a qualitative research of articles and journals related to the topic.
It has been noted that five (5) out of eight (8) Korean interviewees watch Mukbang; this data affirms that indeed, Mukbang is widely known in South Korea. The reason behind its popularity has been determined. It has been found out that the wide internet and mobile use in Korea and the growing population of single-person households are contributing factors to Mukbang’s popularity.
Moreover, according to most of the interviewees, they believe that female Mukbang BJs are prevalent because of the existing stereotypes on women and the sexualization of men towards woman whereas they are known as good cooks and advertisers (regarding to food), and that women in small body frames cannot eat enormous amounts of food. Another reason is also because of the large incidence of uncoupled male Koreans who contribute to the rising number of male viewers and the growing demand for female Broadcast Junkies.
It is undeniable that Mukbang has numerous advantages especially because of its increasing popularity. First, many of the interviewees have noted that Mukbang helps deliver the Korean culture to the world – mainly by sharing its food. Second, it provides the bond that single-household Koreans are searching for, which lessens their loneliness and such. Eating is a communal act; and the way it is brought to many internet platforms allow people to connect, amidst the fact that it is only done virtually.
However, some of the interviewees also mentioned that they do not like Mukbang because some people just do it to earn money. Additionally, the health implications of mukbang’s growing popularity seem stark, especially for the people who consume thousands of calories in pursuit of being famous in the Mukbang industry.
The proponents wanted to highlight the Feminist Anthropology specifically the comment of Ortner (1974) that women are associated to be closer to nature thus men are epitomes of culture. Resulting in to all these stereotypes, expectations and sexualization of the male viewers towards women BJs.
Food is international and is largely social – it is a topic that everyone can relate to despite differences in age, gender, or nationality. In the modern world, access to digital material and internet has indeed influenced food – as seen in Mukbang.
It has been noted that five (5) out of eight (8) Korean interviewees watch Mukbang; this data affirms that indeed, Mukbang is widely known in South Korea. The reason behind its popularity has been determined. It has been found out that the wide internet and mobile use in Korea and the growing population of single-person households are contributing factors to Mukbang’s popularity.
Moreover, according to most of the interviewees, they believe that female Mukbang BJs are prevalent because of the existing stereotypes on women and the sexualization of men towards woman whereas they are known as good cooks and advertisers (regarding to food), and that women in small body frames cannot eat enormous amounts of food. Another reason is also because of the large incidence of uncoupled male Koreans who contribute to the rising number of male viewers and the growing demand for female Broadcast Junkies.
It is undeniable that Mukbang has numerous advantages especially because of its increasing popularity. First, many of the interviewees have noted that Mukbang helps deliver the Korean culture to the world – mainly by sharing its food. Second, it provides the bond that single-household Koreans are searching for, which lessens their loneliness and such. Eating is a communal act; and the way it is brought to many internet platforms allow people to connect, amidst the fact that it is only done virtually.
However, some of the interviewees also mentioned that they do not like Mukbang because some people just do it to earn money. Additionally, the health implications of mukbang’s growing popularity seem stark, especially for the people who consume thousands of calories in pursuit of being famous in the Mukbang industry.
The proponents wanted to highlight the Feminist Anthropology specifically the comment of Ortner (1974) that women are associated to be closer to nature thus men are epitomes of culture. Resulting in to all these stereotypes, expectations and sexualization of the male viewers towards women BJs.
Food is international and is largely social – it is a topic that everyone can relate to despite differences in age, gender, or nationality. In the modern world, access to digital material and internet has indeed influenced food – as seen in Mukbang.
This serves as submission for the final requirement
in HUMA 210 Cultural Anthropology
under Ms. Carin Gonzales
in HUMA 210 Cultural Anthropology
under Ms. Carin Gonzales
LIGAHON
RAMIREZ
FLORES
ENRIQUEZ
Thank you Ms. Carin!